concurrency

Race conditions occur when multiple threads access shared data simultaneously without synchronization. Use locks, mutexes, and semaphores to ensure only one thread modifies data at a time, or employ thread-safe data structures and atomic operations to coordinate access safely.

Async/await handles I/O-bound work efficiently on a single thread by suspending and resuming tasks, while threading runs CPU-bound or truly parallel work across multiple threads. Choose async/await for network calls and file I/O; use threading or multiprocessing for CPU-intensive operations.

Create a thread pool or async task queue that accepts incoming work, distributes tasks to available workers, and collects results. Use synchronization primitives to coordinate task distribution and prevent conflicts between workers processing shared resources.

Deadlocks occur when threads wait indefinitely for locks held by other threads. Prevent them by acquiring locks in a consistent order, using timeouts on lock attempts, and minimizing lock scope to reduce contention and dependency cycles.

Yes, async/await is designed for I/O-bound operations like file reads, writes, and network requests. It allows your application to suspend a task while waiting for I/O to complete and resume others, improving responsiveness without spawning additional threads.

Implement timeout mechanisms by setting maximum wait durations on lock acquisitions and task execution. Support cancellation tokens or signals that allow tasks to exit gracefully, ensuring resources are released and no orphaned threads persist.