Frontend Accessibility

Screen reader accessibility requires semantic HTML structure (nav, main, header, footer), proper ARIA labels, and alt text for images. Use heading hierarchies, form labels linked to inputs, and ensure all interactive elements are keyboard navigable with correct tab order.

Implement keyboard navigation by managing focus order with logical tab sequences, adding focus indicators, avoiding keyboard traps in modals or menus, and returning focus to trigger elements after closing overlays. Test with Tab, Shift+Tab, and Enter keys.

WCAG compliance requires text and interactive elements to meet minimum contrast ratios: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text, and 3:1 for UI components. Test color combinations against WCAG standards before deployment.

Modal dialogs require role="dialog", aria-labelledby for the title, aria-describedby for descriptions, and aria-modal="true". Implement keyboard trap management, return focus to the trigger on close, and ensure screen reader users understand the modal is open.

Accessible forms require semantic HTML: explicit label elements linked to inputs via for/id attributes, fieldset and legend for grouped controls, required and disabled attributes, and error messages associated with fields. These are standard HTML, not extras.

Semantic HTML (nav, main, article, section, aside) communicates document structure to assistive technologies, enabling screen reader users to navigate efficiently and understand content relationships without relying on visual layout alone.