python

Type hints in Python declare expected data types for function arguments and returns, improving code clarity and enabling static type checking with MyPy. Add annotations like `def greet(name: str) -> str:` to catch type mismatches before runtime and enable IDE autocompletion.

Asyncio provides async/await syntax for concurrent I/O-bound operations. Define coroutines with `async def`, use `await` to pause execution, and run them with `asyncio.run()`. This approach handles multiple tasks efficiently without threading complexity.

Pytest is a testing framework that discovers and runs test functions automatically. Write functions prefixed with `test_`, use assertions, and run `pytest` to execute all tests. It integrates seamlessly with type hints and async code for comprehensive validation.

Ruff provides fast linting and code formatting to enforce style rules, while MyPy performs static type checking. Configure both in `pyproject.toml` to run as part of your development workflow, catching style violations and type errors simultaneously.

Ruff catches style violations, imports, and logic errors through linting rules. MyPy validates type annotations against actual code usage. Together they cover style, correctness, and type safety; used separately, they address different problem categories.

Yes, `pyproject.toml` centralizes configuration for pytest, Ruff, MyPy, and other tools in one file, replacing multiple scattered config files. This unified approach simplifies project setup and makes tool settings portable and version-controllable.