rust

Rust's ownership system enforces memory safety at compile time. Each value has one owner; when the owner goes out of scope, memory is freed automatically. Borrowing lets you lend references temporarily without transferring ownership, and lifetimes ensure borrowed references don't outlive their data.

Use async/await syntax with Tokio runtime to handle concurrent I/O without threads. Mark functions async, use .await on futures, and spawn tasks with tokio::spawn. Tokio provides non-blocking primitives for web services, database queries, and concurrent operations.

Use Result<T, E> types and custom error types with thiserror crate for ergonomic error handling. Define an AppError type, implement From traits for conversions, and use ? operator to propagate errors. This enforces explicit error handling throughout your codebase.

Yes. Combine Tokio for async runtime, Axum for web framework, and sqlx for database access. This stack handles high-concurrency web handlers with async I/O, structured error handling, and idiomatic Rust patterns for production services.

Lifetimes are essential for safe borrowing. They annotate how long references remain valid, helping the compiler prevent dangling pointers. Most code uses implicit lifetimes, but explicit annotations clarify complex ownership patterns in functions and structs.

Rust uses Cargo for package management, build, and testing. Follow conventional structure: src/ for code, tests/ for integration tests. Use rustfmt for formatting, clippy for linting, and cargo test for automated testing to enforce code quality.