security

Prevent reentrancy in Solidity smart contracts by applying the Checks-Effects-Interactions pattern and using nonReentrant guards. These defensive patterns ensure state changes occur before external calls, blocking common exploit paths that drain contract balances.

A pre-deploy security checklist for smart contracts validates token decimals, SafeERC20 usage, oracle staleness checks, bounded approvals, and strict access control before production launch. It ensures automated tooling verifies upgradeability and proxy storage layout correctness.

Handle different token decimals in cross-token Solidity math by enforcing explicit decimal normalization, accounting for USDC's 6 decimals versus standard 18-decimal assumptions. This prevents token accounting mistakes that cause critical financial losses during transfers.

Secure oracle price feeds against manipulation by implementing staleness and sanity checks, avoiding raw DEX spot-price reliance. This oracle safety approach prevents MEV and sandwich attacks from exploiting stale or artificially manipulated pricing data.

SafeERC20 protects against non-standard token behavior in Solidity by wrapping token transfers and approvals to handle non-standard return values. This reduces operational and integration risk when interacting with tokens that deviate from the ERC20 specification.

Relying on compile-time checks for smart contract security misses high-impact vulnerability classes like proxy storage collisions, delegatecall risks, and signature replay attacks. These production risks require explicit defensive patterns and checklist-based validations beyond standard compilation.