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Domain-Driven Design guides microservice development by implementing a layered architecture that isolates domain logic. This pattern ensures business rules remain independent of infrastructure, resulting in robust and maintainable backend systems.

To handle pagination and errors in a backend API, apply specific pagination strategies for efficient data retrieval and use standardized result types for clear error responses. These patterns prevent clients from breaking during data overflow or failures.

Consider GraphQL instead of REST when clients need flexible, precise data fetching without multiple roundtrips. However, REST remains highly effective for standardized resource design, especially when enforcing strict API versioning and consistent response formats.

Common API design anti-patterns that break microservices include improper resource naming, ignoring API versioning, inconsistent response formats, and lacking rate limiting. Avoiding these pitfalls is necessary to build indestructible and scalable backend systems.

Yes, this architectural guidance applies to both new and existing backend systems by providing principles for RESTful design, layered architecture, and repository patterns. These standards help refactor existing services and establish baselines for new ones.