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To maximize data density in multivariate charts, apply layering, small multiples, and micro/macro reading principles. These methods expand dimensionality on two-dimensional surfaces without introducing confusion or fake 3D embellishments.

The best way to display complex multivariate information on a 2D surface is applying Tufte's five methods of envisioning information. This approach optimizes depth and density while eliminating non-functional decorative elements.

To increase variables shown in a data visualization without confusion, use dimensionality expansion frameworks. Techniques like small multiples and layering allow you to raise the information density per unit area significantly.

Use micro and macro reading principles in information design when you need to convey dense multivariate data on 2D surfaces. This approach ensures displays remain rich in content rather than ornament, allowing detailed and overview readings simultaneously.

Multi-variable charts often rely on distracting embellishments when they fail to maximize data density. Auditing the display against Tufte's five methods identifies and eliminates this chartjunk, replacing fake 3D with functional layering.