twelve-factor-build-release-run

The twelve-factor build release run separation divides software delivery into distinct phases: compiling code, combining artifacts with config, and executing the app. This enforces artifact immutability and prevents ad-hoc in-production code changes.

To enforce artifact immutability, identify artifacts strictly by their source commit and prohibit recompilation or in-place modification during deployment. This ensures the exact artifact built is deployed, preventing unauthorized in-production code changes.

Audit CI/CD pipelines by validating a strict boundary exists between build, release, and run phases. Verify that artifacts are identified by commit and that deployment uses immutable artifacts without recompilation or in-place modification.

Yes, the twelve-factor build release run model supports traceability by requiring artifact identification by commit. Documenting auditable provenance of artifacts and deployment configurations simplifies audits and ensures reliable rollbacks.

You need to separate build, release, and run stages when promoting traceability, reproducibility, and artifact immutability across modern applications. It is essential for CI/CD audits, design reviews, and preventing ad-hoc production changes.